Chemistry Reactor

According to its structural form, chemical reactor can be divided into kettle reactor, tubular reactor, tower reactor, fixed bed reactor, fluidized bed reactor and so on.

• Kettle reactor:

Also known as tank, pot reactor, is a type of reactor in all types of reactor structure is relatively simple and widely used. It can be used for homogeneous reaction, can also be used for non-homogeneous reaction mainly in liquid phase, such as non-homogeneous liquid phase, liquid-solid phase, gas-liquid phase, gas-liquid-solid phase and so on.
Kettle reactor is mainly composed of four parts, namely, shell, stirring device, shaft seal and heat exchanger, which is characterized by wide range of applicable temperature and pressure, strong adaptability, large operating flexibility, easy control of temperature and concentration during continuous operation, and uniform product quality. However, when used in higher conversion rate process requirements, a larger volume is required. Usually operated under moderate operating conditions, such as atmospheric pressure, low temperature and below the boiling point of the material, the most common application of such reactors.

• Tubular reactor:

Composed of empty or filled tubes of relatively large diameter, mostly used for gas-phase and liquid-phase homogeneous reaction process. In chemical production, continuous operation of large diameter tubular reactor can be approximated as an ideal replacement flow reactor (Plug flow reactor, PFR).
Tubular reactors can withstand high pressures and are particularly suitable for pressurized reactions. It has the advantages of small volume, large specific surface, less remixing, continuous change of reaction parameters and easy control, but for slow reaction, it has the shortcomings of needing long tubes and large pressure drop.

• Tower reactor:

Tower equipment used to realize gas-liquid phase or liquid-liquid phase reaction process, including filling tower, plate tower, bubble tower, etc.. Tower reactor in addition to widely used in distillation, absorption, extraction and other processes, can also be used as a reactor for chemical reactions, such as hydrogenation, sulfonation, halogenation and so on.

• Fixed bed reactor:

Also known as a filled-bed reactor, filled with a solid catalyst or solid reactants to achieve a multiphase reaction process of a reactor. Solids are usually granular, particle size 2 ~ 15mm or so, piled up to a certain height (or thickness) of the bed, the bed is stationary, the fluid through the bed for reaction. The difference between it and fluidized bed reactor and moving bed reactor is that the solid particles are in a stationary state.
Fixed bed reactor is mainly used to realize gas-solid phase catalytic reaction, such as ammonia synthesis tower, sulfur dioxide contact oxidizer, hydrocarbon steam reformer. When used for gas-solid phase or liquid-solid phase non-catalytic reactions, the bed is filled with solid reactants. Trickle bed reactor can also be attributed to the fixed bed reactor, gas, liquid phase and flow down through the bed, gas-liquid-solid phase contact.

• Fluidized Bed Reactor:

It is a reactor that utilizes gas or liquid to pass through a granular solid layer and keep the solid particles in a state of suspended motion and carry out a gas-solid phase reaction process or a liquid-solid phase reaction process. When used in gas-solid systems, it is also known as a boiling bed reactor.
Early applications of fluidized bed reactors in modern industry were the Winkler furnaces for pulverized coal gasification that appeared in the 1920s (see coal gasifier); however, modern fluidized reaction technology was pioneered with the catalytic cracking of petroleum in the 1940s. At present, fluidized bed reactor has been widely used in chemical, petroleum, metallurgy, nuclear industry and other sectors.
 

• Intermittent operation: one-time feeding and unloading, and the coefficient of reactants (concentration, composition, etc.) changes with time.
• Continuous operation: raw materials are continuously added, products are continuously drawn out, and the material coefficient in the reactor does not change with time.
• Semi-continuous operation: only one kind of raw materials and products are continuously input or output, the rest are added or unloaded in batches, and the coefficient of reactants changes with time.

Chemical reactor is widely used in chemical industry, oil refining, metallurgy, light industry and other industrial sectors, used to realize the liquid phase single-phase reaction process and liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, liquid-solid, gas-liquid-solid and other multi-phase reaction process.

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